Phoneme
Phoneme is distinctive sound. Sounds are not always phoneme but all phonemes always sound.
- Segmental : consonant, vowel, and diphthongs.
- Suprasegmental : phoneme that can change the meaning.
Ø Stress is significant because it can make different meaning.
Ex: ‘present : n, adj
Pre’sent : v
Ø Pitch is level of voice (high, mid, low)
Ø Juncture /pause : can change the meaning
Ex: about: approximately/ talk about something
A bout : around
Sound production
ü A point of articulation: position of articulation / speech organ. Bilabial, Labio-Dental, Dental, Alveolar, Post-
Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal.
Manner of articulation: the way / how the air stream blockage is formed. Nasal, Plosive, Affricate,Fricative,Flap, Approximant, Lateral
ü Voicing and aspiration:
Voicing and aspiration of stop consonants in English depend on dialect and context, but a few general rules can be given:
Voiceless plosives and affricates (/p/, /t/, /k/, and /tʃ/) are aspirated when they are word-initial or begin a stressed syllable – compare pin [pʰɪn] and spin [spɪn], crap [kʰɹ̥æp] and scrap [skɹæp].
In some dialects, aspiration extends to unstressed syllables as well.
In other dialects, such as Indian English, all voiceless stops remain unaspirated.
Word-initial voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects.
Word-terminal voiceless plosives may be unreleased or accompanied by a glottal stop in some dialects; examples: tap [tʰæp̚], sack [sæk̚].
Word-terminal voiced plosives may be devoiced in some dialects (e.g. some varieties of American English) – examples: sad [sæd̥], bag [bæɡ̊]. In other dialects, they are fully voiced in final position, but only partially voiced in initial position.
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